Thursday, September 3, 2020

Artifacts Essay free essay sample

In â€Å"Rebel Music†, Daniel Felsenfeld dives into the motivations he has drawn from music in his youth. He recounts the battles he encountered and the absence of motivation from obligatory piano exercises from Ms. Shimizu. In spite of the fact that he stunned her inevitably, he never felt associated with the music. Felsenfeld thought back, â€Å"I was encountering an individual dry season, a harsh absence of culture of numerous sorts, particularly music† (Felsenfeld 624). After he heard Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony while with a companion, he had a revelation. He felt that at this time, he heard music just because. From that point on, he became fixated and rotated as long as he can remember around it. He at that point proceeded to turn into an arranger regardless of his non-melodic family foundation. Felsenfeld’s enthusiasm for music as a kid urged him to be the individual he is today, which is like the manner in which tumbling affected my life. Vaulting was a tremendous piece of my life growing up, and I understand since the game permitted me to gain proficiency with the significant attributes I use today. We will compose a custom exposition test on Ancient rarities Essay or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Being an acrobat shown me numerous things however particularly how to be devoted, how to be a cooperative person and how to never surrender. To start, being a tumbler when I was more youthful showed me how to be committed. At the point when I was a youngster, I would go through five hours, five days seven days preparing in the exercise center. In spite of the fact that I was distinctly in center school, I was trained that training was the best way to be fruitful. My day was arranged out to the moment and it was to be carefully followed. I would get up in the first part of the day, have breakfast and head to class. At the point when school was finished, my mom would drive me to the rec center and I would have precisely two hours to do schoolwork. At four o’clock, practice began and didn't end until nine p. m. I would then have supper and head to sleep. The following morning, it would start from the very beginning once more. Despite the fact that I rehearsed all year, rivalry season was consistently the most tiresome. Practice got more diligently and we must be significantly progressively dedicated during this time. Despite the fact that it was by all accounts fairly excessively requesting of somebody my age, getting along nicely at an opposition compensated for all the difficult work. At the point when my name was declared to go remain on the platform, my heart would race and I realized that the dedication I indicated paid off. Regardless however, I generally felt a feeling of pride and achievement. I realized that the entirety of my commitment was the sole explanation that I got that decoration. Presently, I realize that aerobatic has molded me into the young lady I am today. Each morning when I wake up to go to my morning classes I understand that I can just deal with this on account of the qualities that were ingrained into me by the tiring game. I have figured out how to keep the feeling of devotion consistently and keep on keeping up the propensity. I realize that on the off chance that I buckle down, at that point everything in life can be practiced. In school explicitly, I realize that on the off chance that I remain committed to my calendar I will graduate and procure the certificate I requirement for a profession. Tumbling will always impact my conduct and has invigorated me the to remain devoted to any errand that I have taken on. Not just has tumbling shown me how to be committed, however it has additionally shown me how to be a cooperative person. A great many people expect that tumbling is exclusively an individual game. Nonetheless, they are amazingly mixed up. Albeit an individual acrobat must strive to seek after their objectives and spot well in rivalries, they should likewise remember their whole group. Toward the finish of the individual scoring at a meet they generally give an honor to the top putting group. A rec center should consistently cooperate and perform to their absolute best so they can accomplish a gold decoration together. Winning a gold award as a group is a high respect that lone certain associations who can cooperate can get. Each tumbler must understand that acrobatic isn't just for their advantage, however their colleagues too. At the point when a group gets an in front of the rest of the competition, it supports assurance and even assists with the notoriety. Fortunately, my exercise center had a notoriety to be truly outstanding, so each and every individual who was in the group knew there was a sure standard to be held. I knew, just as every other person that, that so as to put well, we should try sincerely as a group. We needed to rouse and push each other to progress admirably. Since I was shown collaboration, filling in as a server has worked out easily. I realize that that generally will be fruitful in the work environment you should cooperate as group. Right now, I am a server at a café. I have understood that so as to push each visitor to fullest, I should cooperate with my colleagues. On the off chance that the visitor feels that everybody in the whole eatery is there to support them, they will in general be more joyful and at long last, tip better. Consequently, tumbling has instructed me to be a cooperative person and has even made a propensity out of it. Just as devotion and cooperation, vaulting has likewise shown me how to never surrender. As a tumbler, I was continually taking a shot at abilities and getting more grounded. In some cases however, it would take days, months or even a long time to consummate the abilities I was taking a shot at. Despite the fact that I wasn’t ready to do the stunt the first occasion when, I realized that in the event that I didn’t surrender, I would in the end accomplish my objective. Not exclusively were the aptitudes slowly getting progressively troublesome, my back physical issue was likewise deteriorating. Thusly, in addition to the fact that i was conflicting with my body, I was additionally attempting to accomplish something a typical center school understudy couldn't do. In spite of the fact that my physical issue in the long run constrained me to surrender the game completely, it affected and formed me into the individual I am today. I recollect for about a month prior to I needed to surrender the game, I was dealing with attempting to ace a back handspring on the equalization shaft. Tragically, this put a great deal of strain on my back and I couldn’t figure out how to do it. I continued difficult and attempting so I could at long last achieve it. I realized that my time as an acrobat was gradually reaching a conclusion, however I needed to gain proficiency with the expertise before I quit. In the end, I figured out how to stir my way up to doing it, yet realized that was likely the exact opposite thing I could manage without harming my back far more detestable. Despite the fact that I ended up stopping the game, I realized that my assurance permitted me to achieve one more thing, and that was all that made a difference. In all that I do, I realize that in the event that I keep on attempting, regardless of how frequently it takes, I will in the long run be fruitful. All I need to never really dedicate myself to whatever I am attempting to achieve and remain decided. Indeed, even as an undergrad, I utilize this assurance consistently. I realize that in the event that I can pass the essential classes that I am taking, I can in the long run be acknowledged into the radiology program I’m making progress toward. I should simply remain engaged and decided. Fortunately, being a tumbler when I was more youthful has trained me to remain engaged and decided regardless. Taking everything into account, acrobatic was an intense and exacting game that occupied a ton of time as a youngster. In spite of the fact that the game removed a great deal from me and even added to a portion of the lifetime wounds that I have, I realize that the qualities I learned will always remain with me. In addition to the fact that gymnastics taught me some extremely slick stunts, it likewise showed me how to be devoted, how to be a cooperative person and how to be resolved. For a mind-blowing duration after tumbling, I understood that these exercises have truly impacted the manner in which I get things done. Ideally, these qualities will never be overlooked with the goal that I can lead an effective school and expert vocation. I realize that as long I remember these qualities and use them for my potential benefit, I won’t have any issues whatsoever. Regardless of whether there are a few hindrances en route, I ought to have the option to remain decided and my objectives will be reached.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Essay Topics For the History of Science

Essay Topics For the History of ScienceEssay topics for the history of science are the standard format for a major in this program. It is certainly not an easy task finding a topic that will allow students to learn and think critically about different parts of science. The greatest trick in essay writing for the history of science is to know when to use the different types of evidence. This may sound like common sense, but a large percentage of science majors fail to develop proper arguments, especially if they are unaware of the method.In reality, there are many different essay topics for the history of science and it is possible to use more than one type of evidence. But, it is important to use the appropriate information when presenting your research. This is the first step in the process of writing an essay for any subject.Knowing how to present your subject matter begins with researching the facts of the times. Understand the way things were then done. While a student may not be aware of the ways things were done back then, a specialist or teacher may be able to give some insight as to the kind of evidence that was most commonly used at the time.Researching specific examples of the times that you are studying is also very important. The history of science can be seen from many different eras of time and all of the examples that you will be using must be a part of that era. If you are going to use particular materials from the 19th century, they must be part of the setting during that time period.Next, decide what type of evidence you are going to use for your essay topics for the history of science. This includes both general and specific examples of the times that have come before. Most writers will use general examples and this can be a good starting point for those looking to write an essay about a particular topic.Students who are looking to write on a specific topic may want to look to other writers for their examples. This can provide them with the i nformation that they need to create a convincing argument in their essay. The biggest mistake that most students make when they write on a topic is that they feel like they know enough about it. For example, if they are writing about phlogiston theory, they may try to write in a manner that they feel like they already know the subject matter.But, it is vital that a student feel confident about writing a specific topic. Many times, these subjects are very difficult to discuss and even more difficult to write about. The best method for doing this is to study a different author for a specific type of material.Researching the same information over again is a sure way to become confused and frustrated with the way you are doing it. It is important that you remain honest to yourself when you are studying a particular topic. If you feel that you don't know what you are talking about, it is best to seek outside help. Be sure to research what sources you are using and ask for advice on the t ype of evidence that will be used in your essay.

Friday, August 21, 2020

Management Styles free essay sample

The board Styles Take a test: PowerPoint In numerous administration reading material the three most discussed administration styles are vote based, totalitarian and consultative. Choosing the right administration style may prompt more prominent inspiration and profitability from your staff. In any case, it isn't as simple as simply picking a style. Directors characters and attributes will impact the sort of style received. For instance a shy chief will locate an imperious administration style hard to embrace. Equitable Management Style A majority rule supervisor delegates power to his/her staff, giving them duty to finish the undertaking given to them (otherwise called strengthening). Staff will finish the undertakings utilizing their own work techniques. Be that as it may, the undertaking must be finished on schedule. Workers are engaged with dynamic giving them a feeling of having a place and inspiring people. Since staff feel a feeling of having a place and are spurred the nature of dynamic and work likewise improves. We will compose a custom paper test on The board Styles or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Albeit famous in business today, a majority rule the executives style can back dynamic off on the grounds that staff should be counseled. Additionally a few representatives may exploit the way that their administrator is majority rule by not attempting to their maximum capacity and permitting other gathering individuals to convey them. Absolutist Management Style as opposed to the over a dictatorial director directs requests to their staff and settles on choices with no counsel. The pioneer likes to control the circumstance they are in. Choice are brisk in light of the fact that staff are not counseled and work is typically finished on schedule. Anyway this sort of the executives style can diminish inspiration and increment staff turnover since staff are not counseled and don't feel esteemed. Consultative Management style A consultative administration style can be seen as a blend of the over two. The administrator will ask perspectives and assessments from their staff, permitting them to feel included however will at last settle on a ultimate choice. Free enterprise Management style A laisses faire supervisor sets the assignments and gives staff total opportunity to finish the errand as they see fit. There is insignificant inclusion from the director. The administrator anyway doesn't sit inert and watch them work! The person in question is there to mentor or answer questions, flexibly data whenever required. There are benefits, staff again are created to assume liability which may prompt improved inspiration. Anyway with minimal direct direction from the administrator staff may start to feel lost and not arrive at the objectives initially set inside the time span. Graph: Different types of the board styles [pic]

Friday, June 12, 2020

Advertising Strategy Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

Introduction Advertisements are designed to attract interest in their products or services. With an increase in the number of adverts, advertisers use a variety of means to attract attention. Some advertisers intentionally create adverts that are designed to create controversy even to go as far as they are intended to be banned after use so that they can additional free publicity and that people start talking about the adverts (Price, 2003). Some companies do not just do this as a one off, but build a strategy around this, for example Benneton or Tango (Price, 2003). Another example is Great Frog Jewellery, whose advert states If you dont like our jewellery, fuck off! (Nixon, 2003, p. 74). Paddy Power is a nationwide bookmaker (PaddyPower, 2015). This essay will show that it produces many adverts, several of which have been controversial. The question is whether such adverts are good or bad for the company whose products or services the adverts promote. Background The market for advertising is continually growing and is expected to amount to almost $600 billion in 2015 (eMarketer, 2014). The market is oversupplied and advertisers have to had to create new adverts to get attract the potential customer (Orr, et al., 2005). One approach is to make their adverts more risquÃÆ' © using a variety of means to attract the consumers notice (Orr, et al., 2005). One such advertiser is Paddy Power. Paddy Power is a large international bookmaker, who operates via shops across the United Kingdom and beyond (PaddyPower, 2015). Paddy Power has marketed itself using adverts over the years, many of which have been controversial (The Telegraph, 2012). One example is the Paddy Power advert adapting the Last Supper by Leonardo de Vinci to show gaming in an advert in 2005 which Corcoran Share (2008) claim critics felt showed disrespect for Christians. Paddy Power Gambles with Last Supper (McLeod, 2006) Adverts such as these have been reported to the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA), which is an independent organisation who regulates advertising (ASA, 2015a). The ASA has ruled against Paddy Power on several adverts, saying that their adverts were offensive (ASA, 2012a), prejudicial (ASA, 2014a) and insensitive (ASA, 2014b). The ASA rulings are that the rulings mean the adverts cannot be reused. This is not to say that all Paddy Power adverts broke the rules. A Jack Cooper radio advert Paddy Power produced in 2012 was investigated by the ASA and they found that it did not breach the code of practice (ASA, 2012b, n.p.). In addition it should be noted that there were complaints made to the ASA regarding many other adverts from betting companies nationwide (Steen, 2014) and thus the ASA does not single out Paddy Power for its rulings. However the ASA identified that the most complaints received about an advert was an advert that made reference to the trial of Oscar Pistorius which engendered 5,525 separate complaints (ASA, 2015 ). Paddy Powers Oscar Pistorius advert, source: ASA, 2015 As a result, although Paddy Power has not been singled out by the ASA, Paddy Power has produced adverts which had generated thousands of complaints to the Advertising Standards Authority, several of which have been found to break the ASA rules and Paddy Power has been ordered to cease using these adverts. Braveheart Advert In June 2015, Paddy Power produced a new advert (the Guardian, 2015) which showed an image adapted from the 1995 film Braveheart, in which Mel Gibson directed and played the character William Wallace, according to the Internet Movie Database (imdb, 2015). The advert is shown below. Braveheart advert (the Guardian, 2015) The image in the centre shows Roy Keane, which the Mail Online identifies as the assistant manager of the Republic of Irelands National team, made to look like the character William Wallace from the film (Burrows, 2015). The text in the advert, reading You may take our points, but at least we have our freedom and followed by Ya wee pussies (the Guardian, 2015, n.p.) is a reference to the vote in Scotland in 2014 for independence, in which the side rejecting independence won the vote, which left Scotland remaining part of the United Kingdom (BBC, 2014). The advert was mounted onto a 13 metre vehicle and it was driven across Dublin on the day of the Irela nd vs Scotland match in the Aviva Stadium (Brenman, 2015). Is such controversy good for firms? As has been shown, the adverts created much publicity. There is the basic publicity that Paddy Power paid for in terms of displaying the adverts in positions where people could see them. However considerable additional publicity has been generated by the controversial nature of the adverts. Reports in the Guardian, the Telegraph, the BBC web site and other places, some of which are detailed above show that Paddy Power has gained considerable publicity for no cost. Thus their adverts have been seen by many more people. This leads to the question as to whether this additional free publicity has helped or hindered the company. Mundy (2012, p. 171) points to the advert Paddy Power cant get Tiddles back, theres nothing we can do about that, but we can get you your money back with our money-back specials (ASA, 2012c, p. 17). The ASA (2012c) received 1,089 complaints, most of which were people who claimed that the advert could encourage animal cruelty. However Mundy (2012) reports that th e result was that Paddy Power did not suffer as a result and the web site part of its business increased significantly. In this example, the controversial advert was good for Paddy Power in terms of increased turnover after the advert was released and the complaints promoted it to appear in newspapers, web sites and books. Another advert, by Sega showed gamers heading up the Mekong Delta in Vietnam, finding a lost temple and finally finding a Sega Mega Drive was claimed to cost the company half a million dollars, but from the advert and resulting publicity from the controversy, Sega received considerable value for the money spent (Pettus, et al., 2013). Clearly this is not a one-off. Gainsbury (2012) claims that there is a deliberate strategy by Paddy Power to create controversial adverts. Gainsbury (2012) goes on to say that these adverts are often seen by the younger generation and this has the potential to raise the chance of these people to gamble, especially online. Thus the re is the potential for controversial advertising to create a new generation of gamblers, who could then bet using Paddy Powers web site, again resulting in benefits for Paddy Power. Pulizzi (2014) says that one approach to marketing is for a company to entertain their customers, which helps build their brand. Bradley Blythe (2014) claim that their brand of controversial adverts generates a following which, when written included (at the time of writing) over 100,000 twitter followers and over 700,000 Facebook followers. Add this to the 14,000,000 views of Paddy Power videos on YouTube and there is clearly a long term approach to their brand which is defined by their controversial advertising giving them considerable low cost or no cost publicity (Bradley Blythe, 2014). Even the removal of a controversial advert helped Paddy Power to promote its brand (Bradley Blythe, 2014). As it was already established that Paddy Power has been publishing controversial adverts over a perio d of years, it is clearly a part of Paddy Powers strategy and not a one-off lapse. Paddy Power clearly believes that this advertising is beneficial to itself. Although the ASA rulings are often against them, if they only use each advert once, the ASA announcement that they must never use the same advert again (ASA, 2012a; ASA, 2014b) has no effect on them. It is noted that, in addition to the advertising they paid for (such as the Roy Keane banner on the truck), they also gain a huge amount of additional publicity from the newspapers and other media, who also reshow their advert with a story associated with it stating that the advert is unacceptable to some. The Google news server lists the article in the Guardian amongst 89 articles (google, 2015). Roy Keane news articles (Google News, 2015) Thus the threat of legal action from Roy Keane gained Paddy Power a large amount of additional publicity that they did not pay for. Advertising can have both a long term and short ter m impact and the value of advertising is hard to measure). The gross profit of Paddy Power during the time period in which they have been using the controversial adverts has gone from à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬455m in 2011 to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬554mm in 2012, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬617 in 2013 to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬714m in 2014 (Redmayne Bentley, 2015). Thus their total marketing strategy is proving successful. Even when Paddy Power produced an advert that was banned from being shown on television, Paddy Power uploaded it onto YouTube and it has been viewed over 1.6 million times. Thus even when their advert is banned from TV, it can still be used. It was even posted onto the Daily Mail web site, gaining additional publicity (Mail Online, 2015). One feature of the Advertising Standards Authority is that, as a non-statutory body, it does not have the powers to fine advertisers or to take advertisers to court (ASA, 2015c), even if they are the worst advert in 2014 and have an approach that brings adver tising in general into disrepute. When complaints are launched at Paddy Power, their response is to say that the readers who complain are just taking the adverts too seriously their adverts are intended to be light hearted (Corcoran Share, 2008). Thus companies such as Paddy Power can act with impunity and are not generally punished for their adverts. At the time of writing, the ASA has just made a ruling on their latest advert which includes the phrase Just f**k off already (ASA, 2015d), which, it was complained, could cause offense. The response from Paddy Power was that it was in keeping with their other adverts. Thus it is clear that Paddy Power do not have any problems with their style of controversial adverts and it follows that Paddy Power feel the adverts must be beneficial to their company. Is such controversy bad for firms? The Gambling commission publish a Gambling Industry Code for Socially Responsible Advertising (Gambling Commission, 2007). It is clear that the advert produced and being driven round Dublin and taken to the Aviva Stadium and the other adverts could be seen by children as much as by adults. Thus there could be a claim that the adverts may encourage children to gamble. However there is no evidence to substantiate this. If Paddy Power were to be considered to be marketing to children, or other vulnerable people, there could be legal action under section 16 of the Gambling Act 2005 (Gambling Act 2005). Thus the adverts could backfire if Paddy Power were found guilty. Benetton, for example, produced controversial adverts concerning the death penalty (Ma, 2014). The result was that they were sued in Missouri, which lead to Sears cancelling their contract with Benetton which was estimated to cost Benetton $100 million. In South Africa, controversial adverts can depict nudity or the dri nking of alcohol (Dubihela Dubihela, 2011). Although the object of these adverts is to attract the attention of young adults, and this is achieved, the issue is that these adverts do not actually help the reader to remember the actual brand that is being advertised (Dubihela Dubihela, 2011). As a result much, if not all of the money that a company spends on such advertising is wasted. Van Belleghem (2012) claims that the reason for the production of a controversial advert is to produce an increase of people who talk about it. However, he identifies, this requires a clear storyline. If there is no storyline, the advert may actually generate fewer conversations. Conclusion To conclude, the controversial adverts created by Paddy Power and others was in full knowledge of what they were doing. Their controversial style of advertising works well for them when measured in terms of an ever increasing profits and bringing in new and younger gamblers may give them longer term benefits. Paddy Power regularly creates one-off controversial adverts which are immune to the ASA rulings as they have no plans to reuse the adverts, so they can get away with them. Also, with the ASA being unable to take action against them, their only disadvantage is that they may lose a low number of gamblers who object to the adverts. However there are risks. Legal action can lead to both penalties and can cost on the bottom line if the companys customers no longer purchase from them. However, with the penalties being rare and, in the UK, with the Advertising Standards Authority having limited powers, the continuance of controversial adverts shows that they are continuing to b e produced and thus Paddy Power and other companies conclude that the good points outweigh the bad points. References ASA (2012a) ASA Ruling on Paddy Power plc [online] Available from https://www.asa.org.uk/Rulings/Adjudications/2012/5/Paddy-Power-plc/SHP_ADJ_188096.aspx#.Vca9djZRHAR ASA (2012b) ASA Ruling on Paddy Power plc [online] Available from https://www.asa.org.uk/Rulings/Adjudications/2012/8/Paddy-Power-plc/SHP_ADJ_193132.aspx#.Vca2hjZRHAQ ASA (2012c) Why does advertising need to be regulated? [online] Available from https://www.asa.org.uk/~/media/Files/ASA/Adcheck/ASA-AdCheck_BQ1%20%282%29.ashx ASA (2014a) ASA withdraws Paddy Power national press advertisement [online] Available from https://www.asa.org.uk/News-resources/Media-Centre/2014/ASA-withdraws-Paddy-Power-national-press-advertisement.aspx#.Vca2hzZRHAQ ASA (2014b) ASA Ruling on Paddy Power plc [online] Available from https://www.asa.org.uk/Rulings/Adjudications/2014/3/Paddy-Power-plc/SHP_ADJ_261396.aspx#.Vca2czZRHAQ ASA (2015a) About ASA [online] Available from https://www.asa.org.uk/About-ASA.aspx ASA (2015b) 20 14s most complained about ads [online] Available from https://www.asa.org.uk/News-resources/Media-Centre/2015/2014-most-complained-about-ads.aspx#.VfDxwvTW5wY ASA (2015b) FAQs [online] Available from https://www.asa.org.uk/News-resources/FAQs.aspx ASA (2015d) ASA Ruling on Paddy Power plc [online] Available from https://www.asa.org.uk/Rulings/Adjudications/2015/9/Paddy-Power-plc/SHP_ADJ_304402.aspx#.VfD1Q_TW5wY BBC (2014) Scottish referendum: Scotland votes No to independence [online] Available from https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-29270441 Bradley, N. Blythe, J. (2014) Demarketing Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge Burrows (2015) Roy Keane sues Paddy Power for using his image in an advert mocking the Scots for voting against independence that called them wee pussies [online] Available from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3156341/Roy-Keane-sues-Paddy-Power-using-image-advert-mocking-Scots-voting-against-independence-called-wee-pussies.html#ixzz3iIXp6ZPF Cannon, T. A. (2008) Ethics and Professional Responsibility for Paralegals, 5th edition [online] Frederick, Maryland: Aspen Publishers Corcoran, M. P. Share, P. (2008) Belongings: Shaping Identity in Modern Ireland Dublin: Institute of Public Administration Dubihela, J. Dubihela, D. (2011) Youth attitudes towards advertisements depicting nudity and alcohol : ethical dilemmas in advertising South African Journal of Psychology 421:2, pp 207-217 eMarketer (2014) Advertisers Will Spend Nearly $600 Billion Worldwide in 2015 [online] Available from https://www.emarketer.com/Article/Advertisers-Will-Spend-Nearly-600-Billion-Worldwide-2015/1011691 Gainsbury, S. (2012) Internet Gambling: Current Research Findings and Implications New York, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London: Springer Gambling Act 2005 [online] Available from https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/19/part/16 Gambling Commission (2007) Gambling Industry Code for Socially Responsible Advertising [online] Av ailable from https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/pdf/Industry%20code%20of%20practice%20-%20August%202007.pdf Gibeaut (1998) Professional Finger Pointing ABA Journal, April 1998, p. 89 Hahn, D., Osborne, A. Sherry, E. (2014) Satire or Send-Up? Paddy Power and Blind Football: A Case for Managing Public Relations for Disability Sport Communication Sport, January 2014 Imdb (2015) Braveheart (1995): Full Cast Crew [online] Available from https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0112573/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast Ma, T. (2014) Professional Marketing and Advertising Essays and Assignments no place: lulu.com Mail Online (2015) Controversial Paddy Power advert of a man tranquilising chavs [online] Available from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/video/news/video-1111886/Paddy-Power-chavs-advert-racing.html McLeod, D. (2006) Paddy Power Gambles with Last Supper [online] Available from https://theinspirationroom.com/daily/2006/paddypowers-last-supper-gamble/ Mundy (2012) You Say To mayto: Contrarian Investing in Bitesize Pieces Petersfield: Harriman House Limited Nixon, S. (2003) Advertising Cultures London, California New Delhi: Sage Publications Ltd Orr, R. S., Van Rheede Van Oudtshoorn, G.P. Kotze, T. (2005) The perceptions of consumers aged 18-30 of lesbian appeals in advertising Communicare : Journal for Communication Sciences in Southern Africa = Communicare : Tydskrif vir Kommunikasiewetenskappe in Suider-Afrika 24:1, pp. 49-68 Paddy Power (2015) About Us [online] Available from https://www.paddypower.com/bet/about-us Pettus, S., Monoz, D., Williams, K. Arroso, I. (2013) Service Games: The Rise and Fall of SEGA: Enhanced Edition no place: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform Price, J. (2003) GCSE Media Studies Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes, Ltd. Pulizzi, J. (2014) Epic Content Marketing: How to Tell a Different Story, Break Through the clutter, and win more customers by marketing less no place: McGraw-Hill Education Redmayne Bentley (2015) Paddy Power [online] Available from https://www.redmayne.co.uk/research/securitydetails/financials.htm?tkr=PAP Steen, R. (2014) Floodlights and Touchlines: A History of Spectator Sport London: Bloomsbury Publishing plc. The Guardian (2015) Roy Keane sues Paddy Power over Braveheart poster image [online] Available from https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2015/jul/10/roy-keane-sues-paddy-power-over-braveheart-poster-image/ Van Bellenghem, S. (2012) The Conversation Company: Boost Your Business Through Culture, People and Social Media London, Philadelphia New Delhi: Kogan Page Limited Williams, R. J., Wood, R. T. Parke, J. (2012) Routledge International Handbook of Internet Gambling Abingdon: Routledge Youtube (2012) Paddy Power Chav Tranquilizer [online] Available from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vvq-uO-XgjM

Sunday, May 17, 2020

Human Trafficking In The Life - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 994 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/05/07 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Human Trafficking Essay Did you like this example? There are many types of human trafficking in the world. Let start with sex trafficking, trafficking labor reasons and lastly organ trafficking. These are most common human trafficking because they are the most lucrative.(quote). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Human Trafficking In The Life" essay for you Create order People are kidnapped and sold for sex or their body parts that can sometime results in death. Women are not only sex trafficked, but men are as well trafficked. One way people are abducted is someone is driving pass and forced the person into a vehicle against their will. They use those who got them just to sell them to other people to get money out of them. Labor trafficking, is known to take people and force them to do something that they dont want to do. Such as work in areas they dont want, they are also forced to fraud or coercion. Organ trafficking is knowing as trading body parts, usually used as a transplant. These organs are from mostly the people that have been killed and are healthy. They use them on other people that need it, just so they can survive and still live. Secondly, I believe human trafficking should not exist. This is so unfair because those who are into human trafficking tell the people that there life will get better and do anything to convince them. But little do they know that they are getting themselves into something very serious. Roby, jini L. Says, Domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) is a rapidly growing problem in the United States, yet legislative efforts to address victim needs have begun only recently (Roby). This quote is telling us that sex trafficking can occur at any time and that the main problem about it is that, its spreading very quickly around the United States. Sex trafficking is something very important now a days, since theres so much going on here in the United States. This is another quote that the author said DMST is an issue that spans several areas of social work practice, as emerging research shows that most children and youths exploited in commercial sex have typically experienced prior abuse, neglect, or other forms of trauma. (Roby). This quote is stating that sex trafficking is something serious. That it isnt something to just pass it on. It has involved childrens and youths. Meaning those who are taking kids away for sex trafficking are usually taking the ones that are barley even starting to live there lifes. Then, labor trafficking is also something that I do not agree with. Its something that mostly everyone that is in that doesnt want to be in there. As the author Hopper says labor trafficking, including people trafficked into or within the United States. (Hopper). This quote is stating that labor trafficking is knowing as coming and leaving the United States to do what they have to do. Such as passing stuff from one place to another. Doing labor trafficking can also because you stress and depression, as the author says High rates of depression (71%) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (61%) were identified. (Hopper). This quote is telling us that the percentage on depression and stress disorder are most likely getting higher and higher. They are only 10% difference, which means its not by a lot. Furthermore, organ trafficking is one of the awful trafficking that there is. They kill people and sell their organs to other people. As the author says others are killed and their organs are harvested and sold on the black market. (Moore) this quote is stating that they kill and sell. A human being can be perfectly fine, but as soon as someone needs a body part and they know that someone is healthy and that there organs are working perfectly fine, those are the ones that end up dying just so that they can get those healthy organs. Another phrase that the author had said was that It is estimated that 50,000 victims are brought into the United States annually. (Moore) this quote is stating that those 50,000 victims that are being brought here to the United States are those who are going to get their lives taking away just so they can sell their organs to someone else. Organ trafficking is something that shouldnt exist in this world. There is tons of families that have lost many loved ones and they dont know where they are at just because theres some people that well tell them anything just to go with them, and they never show up again. Then their families end up finding out that they are dead and they no longer have their organs anymore. These three main human trafficking are the ones that have been taking so much impact into so many lives. Theres young kids that have fallen for those sex traffickers just because they tell them something good and end up doing the total opposite of what they had told them. Same with labor trafficking, they tell them something and they make them do something else. Something that they dont even want to do they are just forced to do it. Lastly with organ trafficking its something that also shouldnt be going around because there some people that still want to continue living but they dont just because they are being killed so that other people can have their organs. This is why I am against this human trafficking because its so unfair and they dont deserve to live the life that they are living. They didnt choose to live like that but they were put into that without them having a way to get out of it. Works Cited Hooper, E. K., and L. D. Gonzalez. A Comparison of psychological symptoms in Survivors of sex and labor Trafficking. Behavioral Medicine, vol. 44, no. 3, July 2018 Moore, James. Im not for sale .: teaching about human trafficking.) social studies vol. 109, no. 2, Mar. 2018 Roby, Jini L., and Melanie Vincent. Federal and state Responses to domestic Minor sex Trafficking: The Evolution of Policy. Social work, vol. 62, no. 3, July 2017

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Prompt 1 Learning Theories Using The Learning Theorists

Prompt 1: Learning Theories: Using the learning theorists we have discussed--Piaget, Vygotsky, Kohlberg, and/or Erikson--Explain the behaviors, actions, learning, etc. that you see in your classroom. For example: A la Vygotsky, you might observe the classroom interactions for evidence of how you or a peer or the teacher provided enough scaffolding to improve a child’s performance. Or, you might describe a child according to Piaget’s stages of intellectual development or Erikson’s Psychosocial development. Be specific and provide examples. Between January 18 and January 25, I was able to observe Mrs. Warnslings’s 2nd grade classroom. Mrs. Warnsling’s class is at Silas Willard Elementary school. Mrs. Warnsling and her children have helped†¦show more content†¦She would break people up into small groups or work individually with them. In the back of the room on the board were different goals for the week. If they were able to reach their goals at the end of the week, then they would receive a prize. I questioned her about these goals and she told me that the children had come up with them on their own. I think her teaching style reflects Piaget’s constructivism theory, defined by Omrod (2014) as â€Å"learners actively construct (rather than passively absorb) knowledge from their experiences† (p. 27). Since these students were â€Å"actively constructing† and doing their by pulling in from their own experiences (such as creating their own goals or working on their own projects ), they were able to gain more knowledge from the activities. Mrs. Warnsling was a middle-aged woman. She always wore casual outfits, and had a very calm yet authoritative way about her. I think this created a good balance of the children respecting her yet also admiring her. I also enjoyed her sarcasm toward the children. She was constantly joking around with them. An example of this was when a student was telling her how great of a cook he was. Mrs. Warnsling said â€Å"if you are so great of a cook, you should come to my house and cook dinner!† The student freaked out at the thought of going to a teacher’s house for dinner, not realizing that it was a joke. I think this could relate toShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Value of Play1370 Words   |  6 PagesThere are numerous theories of play and countless theorists, from Freud and Spencer to Piaget and Vygotsky, who have studied play in relation to what it is and what it does for the child. This essay will outline the definition and value of play and the importance of how it can fo ster the child’s learning in regards to these theorists who studied the effects in great detail. 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Case Study & Strategic Management Of EBAY - Free Sample

Question: Critically examine the relationship and the need for compatibility between corporate strategic and functional management policies. Analyse the internal and external influences on corporate objectives and strategy. Demonstrate the need for flexibility in strategic management and the practical limits of quantifying corporate strategy. Percentage Of Marks Awarded For Module 50% of the total marks for the module Assessment Criteria Explanatory comments on the assessment criteria. Answer: Introduction The business environment of the retail company eBay is evaluated in the report. Strategic purpose includes the business mission and vision of EBAY. To operate in the retail industry in UK, the company follows some values, which are discussed here. Strategic statement of EBAY presents a clear view on value proposition of the company (EBAYinc.com, 2016). As per the second quarter-2016, financial report of eBay the volume of merchandise is worth 20.9 billion dollar. The revenue that is earned is 2.2 billion dollars. In the second quarter of 2015, the net revenue was 2110 dollars and 2230 dollars in the second quarter of 2016. A strategy statement of a company consists of objective of the company and scope in the retail market. It also shows whether the company enjoys any competitive advantage in the market or not. The analysis of Macroeconomic environment of the company includes several political, economic, social factors and their impact on the company. These factors are external factors, which affect the strategy of the company (Ho 2014). There are internal factors such as business functioning, operation management, human resource, which affect companys strategic management. Future growth prospects of the company are discussed and presented through Ansoffs matrix. This is tool of strategic management, which helps the management to take approach for future growth of the company. Several aspects of the Ansoff matrix are analysed to assess the potential of the EBAY in product diversification or ability to develop new product in the retail market. Strategic purpose Assessment of strategic purpose of the organization Mission: Our purpose is to pioneer new communities around the world built on commerce, sustained by trust and inspired by opportunity. Vision: We seek to create a global platform that provides individuals and business of all types and sizes with the access to broad markets (EBAYinc.com, 2016). Values: The values that is followed by the company includes as follows: We believe people are basically good We recognize and respect everyone as unique individual We believe everyone has something to contribute We encourage people to treat others the way they want to be treated themselves We believe that an honest, open environment can bring out best in people. Critical analysis on relationship of strategic statement and functional objective EBay needs to have a well defined objectives for which they can strive. The objectives in connection with the mission and vision provide eBay and employees a goal for focusing the activities. The objectives would help in growing and improve the different aspects in the future. The company is trying to focus their work in extending lead in payments, delivering of better experience to customers of eBay, expanding of capabilities, connecting of sellers and buyers, driving sustainable ecommerce, operating efficiently and reducing cost. The objective of the company is to set a standard for maintaining quality of a product (Hill et al. 2014). Achievement of monthly target, how to achieve cost and price advantage, identification of companys strength and weaknesses are included in the strategic statement. In contrast, the functional objective states overall corporate objectives of the company. The corporate objectives include financial strategy, targeted sales volume per customer, budget, pl anning etc. The company eBay meets the environmental needs. The company is into conserving and recycling of energy, an objective that is linked to vision. Strategic statement shows long-term objectives of company and functional objective shows short-term objectives of the company. However, strategic statement is closely related to functional objectives. In order to achieve strategic objective, fulfillment of functional objective is essential (Lasserre 2012). External analysis Analysis of macroeconomic environment of the company PESTLE analysis Political factors: As per market review, there is a chance of depreciation of Sterling due to exit of UK from EU. Therefore, online shopping can be affected as import may become costly. Moreover, UK may loss the opportunity to trade in Free Trade Area in European Union. There is a fear for EBAY to lose both supplier and customer in European Zone. Political turmoil can affect EBAY business (Priem et al. 20120). The company eBay has been providing localized version of PayPal in the different countries. In the United States, the company has operated as transmitter of money. There are restrictions on the investment of customers funds, reporting and bonding requirements there is regulatory agencies in each state. Economic factors: Economic slowdown in UK affects the business operation of EBAY. Global recession decreases the sales volume of products supplied by EBAY across world and thus operating profit may fall significantly. On the other hand, with growth in ecommerce business the firm may contribute notably to countrys GDP, which further enhances economic growth rate. Inflation, tariff rate imposed by different importing country raise the price of the product and shipping charge, which may reduce the demand of consumers. Imposition of high rate of corporation tax by government affects the business (Ho 2014). For example, eBay is second fastest exporter as per the Asian Exporters Index. Indias eBay exports have be growing at 85% year on year. This trend will help in increasing demand that developed nations for country specific items. Social factors: Decrease in sales reduces net profit, which creates chances for job cut. If business profit of EBAY decreases due to economic disturbance, number of unemployment may rise if the management takes cost reduction policy by job cut. Increase in unemployment rate lead to decrease in the standard of living of people, which has social cost. Age is an important aspect affecting business. For example, the survey has shown 34% of the online shoppers of the age group of 18 to 24 years uses PayPal and similarly in the past for 12 months. Technological factors: Operating online business at international market, use of latest and user-friendly technology is required. Easily accessible website of the company can give the company competitive advantage. Using improved technology, the company can display the products in a more attractive way to the customers. Besides this, management can use an extensive database to manage information regarding supplies and customer, which can help in daily business operation (Ho 2014). There is always a risk of security for eBay as most of the products are put in the internet. The proprietary information would be at risk with security breach on our sites. There can be a severe breach of the information. The information if compromised will make the people believe that they are not capable of maintaining the site and will stop using our service. For example, eBay is expanding their role in platforms and mobile payments. Mobile technologies is a field they eBay is trying to explore. Environmental factors: The business operation of EBAY is performed by transaction of goods between sellers and buyers through this online platform. Packaging, distribution is part of the business. Therefore, the company needs to maintain Environment safety law in packaging, importing and shipping the goods. Use of bio degradable and recyclable products in packaging keeps environment safe. Environmental factors such as changing regulation for energy use can affect the business. The company is seen to achieve the objective of selling green products. There will be more consumption leads to carbon dioxide emission and thus a more polluted environment is created. There are more benefits achieved by people rather than spending. Legal factors: Environmental safety law, Sales of Goods Act 1979, Work and Safety Act 1974 are required to be maintained by EBAY to operate business in UK. Apart from these acts, company needs to abide by Electrical Equipment Safety regulation 1994, Gas appliances Safety regulation 1995 in business transaction (legislation.gov.uk 2016). There are legal issues that is put upon t is that there are people selling product in the website who do not deliver the products but hold peoples case and flies away. Threats: The online business is becoming popular in present decade. With the increasing demand and expansion of the market, three is possibility for new firm to enter into the market. New entry may reduce share of market of EBAY Company, as there will be increased competition in the market. There is also threat of illegal use of website by some deceitful people (Piotrowicz and Cuthbertson 2014). There are threats from existing business such as Amazon, Bonanza, e-Bid etc. Opportunities: With the increase in demand for online purchase, there are many opportunities for EBAY to expand its business globally. The company will come up with more number of inline stores in other countries, through increased portfolio through acquisition. The company is able to control illegal activities, its business performance may increase in future. Analysis of market potentiality of the company using porters five forces Competitive rival: Rivalry in this industry is high. There are strong competitors of EBAY such as Amazon, Etsy, Bonanza etc exist in the market. Competition comes from small firm such as e-bid in UK. When doing business at international market, the firm has to compete with local business operators of that country (Lee et al. 2012). Bargaining power of Customers: Customers have strong ability to bargain for the price of the product. If EBAY charge higher price for a similar product, customer may switch over to another online marketer. Bargaining power of suppliers: There are large numbers of sellers offering products in EBAY platform. Bargaining power of suppliers is thus comparatively low. Sellers may also switch over to another e-commerce business, if they do not accept the terms and condition set by EBAY. Threat of substitute products: This threat is very low as EBAY offers a wide range of products to the customers. In short run it may lose business if it fails to provide latest developed goods in market. In long run this threat is low. Threats of new entry: There are medium threats of new entry. It is easy to enter into this market. However, operate in his market requires huge potential. Existing e-commerce businesses operate in the market at wide scale. They have economies of scale and hence, offering product at low price is easier ((Lee et al. 2012). For a new firm operating at large scale initial is difficult with high startup cost. Some of the established players can influence the strong share of eBay. The established positions are for Amazon, Apple, Alibaba who has a potential to dent the position of eBay. There effect will be high on eBay. Internal analysis of strategic capabilities Strategic capabilities of the company Development of online auction model has helped the business to operate at low cost in the market. The pricing policy is mainly demand driven and customer oriented. Following this model, the company started to show description of product and attractive visualisation, which motivated customers to buy product from EBAY site. This strategy influence marketing and sale of product (Morris et al. 2015). During 2014, the company decided to cut job in order to reduce costs. However, during 2nd quarter of 2016, the company has been able to increase revenue by 6% compared to previous year. To increase the business at global level, the company has decided to acquire some small companies and increase in market share (investors.EBAYinc.com 2016). Information management technology and supply chain management is very strong of EBAY. During recession period, EBAY has taken strategies such as acquisition of Skype Internet telephony to raise share by 30% during 2009. During 2008, the company changes its business strategy regarding incentives to seller, fee structure and quality standard to reduce risk of global financial crisis (www.mirror.co.uk, 2016). Basic Resources Unique Resources Employees Funds Assets Physical Resource Online Store Network Brand Intellectual Property Patents Trade mark Figure: Unique Feature of eBay Source: (Created by Author) Basic resources of EBAY are human resource such as employees, financial resource such as funds, assets, physical resources. Unique resources are online store, network, brand and intellectual property such as patent, trademarks etc. Companys internal strategic capabilities depend on managing these resources (Shaw 2012). Discussion on the business function of the company Business function of EBAY includes providing a convenient platform to the customers and seller for transaction. This is an online retail business, which offers a wide range of consumer goods to the customers at a cheap rate. Overtime EBAY has improved the functioning of website. This company follows Business to Customer business model. Products are classified into different segments. This company values customer satisfaction criteria. It follows E-auction in setting competitive rice for the product. In the financial statement, this company includes Gross Merchandise volume, which analyses total closed transaction. Company follows GAAP measures for some element in financial statement and use non GAAP measures for some other elements. To analyse companys current financial performance, non GAAP measures are used (EBAYinc.com 2016). Figure: Organizational Structure of eBay (Source: Sahney 2015) Core Competencies of eBay: As per the core competencies eBay educates the sellers in finding and negotiating the best price for selling of the product in the market place this would be help in benefiting the sellers and buyers equally. There are wide ranges of products like electronics to furniture available for the customers which they are able to purchase easily through online at a much lower price. The company is brilliant in terms of promotion. There are more number of people who are visiting the online store of eBay as it promotes itself through magazines, online sites and the even through word of mouth. Basis of competitive strategy Competitive strategy is creation of better value chain in business. The competitive strategy of eBay includes same day delivery routing in which eBay tends to coordinate deliveries between the shoppers , couriers , stores on a 24*7 schedule. It takes hardly two hours for the dispatching from the point of sale, handling service logistics and delivery based on the preferences of the consumers. EBAY offers some unique features to the seller, which enables them to display branded and non standard goods unlike other competitors. E-bay sells products on auction basis, which gives it competitive advantage. EBAY gives priority to improvement in technology. Hence, it developed a program to facilitate both business and customers. EBAY has been successfully able to overcome all the previous difficulties faced initially by taking customer oriented business policy (EBAYinc.com, 2016). Strategic choice and strategic evaluation Key directions for future growth of the company using Ansoffs Matrix Using Ansoff matrix, management of EBAY can formulate future growth strategy based on four components. These four aspects of a business can help to evaluate long term growth prospects of this company (Hussain et al. 2013). The four components are discussed below. Market penetration Market penetration is a strategy to sell existing products in current market. Penetration in online retail market depends on creation of portfolio of product. Bundling strategy can be utilised. Increment in sale depends on aggressive market promotion strategy. Company can discount on sale of a product portfolio (Sahney 2015). New product development EBAY has opportunity to capture more market share by introducing new product in business. Giving priority to all types of customers, the company can follow current market trends for major consumer goods. Investment in research and development helps significantly in product development. Product development also includes packaging, labeling and use of latest technology (Fernie et al. 2014). New market development The company can divide total own market share into segments. It can open business in a new country, where online retail business is not so popular. Through market promotion strategy it can increase the awareness of people about online shopping. If the customers can be convinced that purchase through online retail store would give them cost benefit, this business may be popular in long run. If market can be segmented according to local preference, companys growth strategy increases (Wamba et al. 2015). Mixing local culture and flavour in business helps in market promotion. Company can divide market based on marginal revenue. Different products have different level of demand in the market. Therefore, in the product market, where demand elasticity is less, company can charge higher price compared to a market with low elasticity (Hu et al. 2012). Diversification Market diversification includes expansion of business in some other ways such as entering into new market and creating new products. Developing new products by maintaining environment standard increases interest of customer to avail the product (Johnson et al. 2014). Product diversification is important in long growth of the business. Horizontal diversification is required for loyal customers. As explained by Ansoffs matrix, diversification has risk of entering into unknown market. Operate into new market requires new skill and strategy (Boons et al. 2013). Additional training is required for existing employees to increase efficiency and productivity. Figure: Financial Data of eBay and it performance in USA (Source: Gong et al. 2013) Assessment of new market development Suitability Demand for online shopping increases overtime both in developed and developing countries. Therefore, it is suitable for EBAY to expand business in another country. Its suitability depends on understanding psychology of new customers (Gong et al. 2013) During 2004, EBAY took decision to expand business in China market. However, it failed to compete with local company Alibaba in China due aggressive market strategy (www.forbes.com, 2010). Hence, doing business in new market requires understanding local market deeply. Acceptability Acceptability of the company depends on customer choice. If the company fails to meet local needs, business cannot be successful. Maintenance of corporate social responsibilities in business process helps an organization to grow up in the industry. It can engage itself into some social work in target market to influence the customers. Incorporation local culture and language in system increases acceptability to the new customers (Chen 2012). Feasibility Feasibility depends on start up cost and financial performance of the company. Competition in local market influences Companys strategy. In order to acquire market, the company needs to have economies of scale. If the start up cost is very high to set up business in new geographical area, the company may not get competitive advantage in pricing, which may be detrimental for business operation (Johnson et al. 2014). Hence, keeping average cost at low level increases feasibility and opportunity of the company to develop new market. Life cycle Phase Requirement of funding Cost of Capital Business Risk Likely finding sources Dividends Launch High High High Equity Zero Growth High Medium High Growth investors Nominal Maturity Medium Medium Medium Retained earnings High Decline Low Medium low Debt High Figure: Feasibility Chart of ebay (Source: Created by Author) Conclusion and recommendations EBAY is multinational online retail company, which has good market share in UK and US. It has been successful in many areas to meet companys vision. It is very important for the company to diagnosis the strategic problem as the company has been a follower of innovation rather than becoming an innovation leader. There is high degree of competition that is faced by the company in the present and who are likely to witness in the future as well. There is a need for the company to formulate strategies. The strategies need to address the key aspects of the organization. To address a valid set of strategies there is a need to complete a SWOT matrix. There is a need for a course of action that suits better for the current position of the company. Nevertheless, the company has been successfully able to capture a significant share in online retail market despite having several challenges. Main strength of this company is having economies of scale, easy payment process, and high brand value. Inventory management nf information management system are strong in this company. Main weakness of the company is charging high price to the customers compared to other competitors. Strategy for development of new market has not been so effective. Long term growth strategy of the company is not so strong. However, during 2015-16 company has taken decision to change strategy to reduce the threat of new entry. Amazon is growing rapidly to overtake EBAY in terms of profit. 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